- Discussions and researches about the efficacy of hydroxychloroquine have never stopped. After the retraction of two papers about studies casting doubt on the ability of hydroxychloroquine (June 04, 2020), 5 days later, Science reported hydroxychloroquine is neither a treatment nor a prophylactic to COVID-19 (June 09, 2020).
- Retracted papers: 
   1. TheLancet: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)31324-6/fulltext?utm_campaign=tlcoronavirus20&utm_source=twitter&utm_medium=social
   2. The New England Journal of Medicine: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc2021225
- Science report: https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/06/three-big-studies-dim-hopes-hydroxychloroquine-can-treat-or-prevent-covid-19
- Tweet link: https://twitter.com/Philipp31561573/status/1271553622007058433

An example of COVID-19 research inefficiencies stemmed from contradictions 

- On March 28, 2020 the FDA approved an emergency use authorization for 
   hydroxychloroquine despite lack of evidence
- On May 1, 2020, the FDA approved an emergency use authorization for 
   the drug remdesivir to to be distributed in USA and administered to patients 
   with COVID-19. 
- On June 15, 2020 a warning was put out by the FDA that they are revoking 
   the authorization to use Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine on patients 
   with COVID-19 as it may reduce the effectiveness of remdesivir


Example of research inefficiencies stemmed from contradictions

Contradictory COVID-19 research findings created inefficiency by requiring researchers to evaluate and reconcile competing claims before building on them. The linked hydroxychloroquine examples illustrate how retractions, conflicting reports, and changing regulatory actions complicated the interpretation of evidence.

University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

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There are many repetitions and contradictions in the disseminated information.

Repetition and contradiction in collaborative research

Example of redundant/ repetitive works

- Too redundant (too many repetitions)
- Information is contradictory
- Inappropriate results
- Inappropriate interpretations
- Influence by author's personal ambitions
- Other (include reasoning)


Reasons to "Flag" a node

Inefficiencies in COVID-19 research stemmed from multiple factors, with redundancies being a major contributor. These redundancies were largely driven by the lack of an efficient dissemination mechanism to share research results and coordinate collaborative work (Glasziou et al., 2020).

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