Monosaccharides containing four or more carbon atoms typically adopt cyclic or ring structures in their stable state. This structure forms through a chemical reaction between the carbonyl group and a distant hydroxyl group on opposite ends of the flexible carbon chain.

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Monosaccharides, or simple sugars, are the simplest carbohydrates and serve as the building blocks for complex carbohydrates. They are classified by the number of carbon atoms in the molecule using a prefix for the carbon count and the suffix -ose, such as three-carbon trioses (e.g., glyceraldehyde), five-carbon pentoses (e.g., ribose), and six-carbon hexoses (e.g., glucose).

Monosaccharides

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Microbiology covers the scope and sequence requirements for a single-semester microbiology course for non-majors. The book presents the core concepts of microbiology with a focus on applications for careers in allied health. The pedagogical features of the text make the material interesting and accessible while maintaining the career-application focus and scientific rigor inherent in the subject matter. Microbiology’s art program enhances students’ understanding of concepts through clear and effective illustrations, diagrams, and photographs.

Microbiology is produced through a collaborative publishing agreement between OpenStax and the American Society for Microbiology Press. The book aligns with the curriculum guidelines of the American Society for Microbiology.

OpenStax Microbiology Textbook

An aldose is a monosaccharide that contains a carbonyl group at the terminal position (end) of its carbon chain. An example is the three-carbon sugar glyceraldehyde.

Aldoses

A ketose is a monosaccharide that contains a carbonyl group at an internal position within its carbon chain. An example is the three-carbon sugar dihydroxyacetone.

Ketoses

Cyclization of Monosaccharides

N-acetyl glucosamine (NAG) is a modified glucose molecule that acts as a fundamental subunit in structural polysaccharides, including chitin in fungal cell walls and insect exoskeletons, as well as peptidoglycan in bacterial cell walls.

N-acetyl glucosamine (NAG)

N-acetyl muramic acid (NAM) is a modified glucose molecule that functions as a structural building block in bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan.

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