A cytoproct is a specialized cell structure used by certain protozoans for the exocytosis of metabolic wastes.

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- Plasmalemma
- Pellicle
- Ectoplasm
- Endoplasm
- Cytostome
- Cytoproct
- Flagella
- Cilia
- Contractile Vacuoles

Structures of Protozoan Cells

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Microbiology covers the scope and sequence requirements for a single-semester microbiology course for non-majors. The book presents the core concepts of microbiology with a focus on applications for careers in allied health. The pedagogical features of the text make the material interesting and accessible while maintaining the career-application focus and scientific rigor inherent in the subject matter. Microbiology’s art program enhances students’ understanding of concepts through clear and effective illustrations, diagrams, and photographs.

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The ectoplasm is the gel-like outer layer of cytoplasm located directly beneath the plasma membrane in amoeboid protozoans, stabilized by polymerized actin.

Ectoplasm

Pseudopodia, meaning "false feet," are temporary cytoplasmic extensions used by certain protists for locomotion and surface attachment. The organism moves forward by attaching the pseudopodium to a surface and allowing cytoplasm to flow into the extension.

Pseudopodia

Ciliated protozoans utilize the sweeping motion of their cilia to direct food particles into their mouthparts.

Ciliary Feeding in Protozoans

A pellicle is a cellular structure consisting of a series of protein bands that surrounds the cell membrane in certain protozoans, providing structural support and defining the cell's shape.

Pellicle

The plasmalemma is another term for the plasma membrane of a protozoan cell.

Plasmalemma

The endoplasm is the inner, fluid (sol) region of the cytoplasm located beneath the outer ectoplasm layer in certain protists.

Endoplasm

A cytostome is a specialized cell structure used by certain protozoans for taking in food through phagocytosis, often associated with an oral groove lined with cilia that sweep in food particles.

Cytostome

Cytoproct

A contractile vacuole is a specialized cellular organelle in certain protists, including some protozoans, that is used to move water out of the cell for osmotic regulation.

Contractile Vacuole

A stigma (or eyespot) is a light-sensitive cellular structure found in certain eukaryotic microbes, such as *Euglena*, that is used to detect light in the environment.

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