This method is useful to compare multiple samples of a single patient, however, positive rates of detection are around 85.4%. The highest sensitivity for the tests are recorded two weeks after initial symptoms arise. This method can also determine infection status and identify recovered patients who can serve as human donors of plasma for critically ill patients.

Advantages of ELISA

The sensitivity indicate the chance of higher false negatives and false positives with this method. Negative results do not rule out infection or recovery, especially with those who have been in contact with individuals who have been positive. 

Disadavantages of ELISA

Purified recombinant S/N proteins are immobilized to the surface of a multi-well plate to serve as capture antigens. The inactivated SARS-CoV-2 serum samples are placed with the antigen for the virus to promote binding to the antibodies. A secondary antibody serves as a label and binds to the viral antibodies to display a signal when a substrate is added (which can then be measured via photometry).
The samples collected are blood serum samples from patients.

University of California, Santa Cruz

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The use of antibody-testing with a similar sensitivity and specificity to RT-PCR. However, the virus is detected in a later state (10-20 days into the infection). 
- SVN
- ELISA
- LFIA


Biomarkers

Dcruz, R. J., Currier, A. W., & Sampson, V. B. (2020). Laboratory Testing Methods for Novel Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology, 8. doi:10.3389/fcell.2020.00468

Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology

https://openstax.org/details/books/microbiology/

Microbiology covers the scope and sequence requirements for a single-semester microbiology course for non-majors. The book presents the core concepts of microbiology with a focus on applications for careers in allied health. The pedagogical features of the text make the material interesting and accessible while maintaining the career-application focus and scientific rigor inherent in the subject matter. Microbiology’s art program enhances students’ understanding of concepts through clear and effective illustrations, diagrams, and photographs.

Microbiology is produced through a collaborative publishing agreement between OpenStax and the American Society for Microbiology Press. The book aligns with the curriculum guidelines of the American Society for Microbiology.

OpenStax Microbiology Textbook

Serial Dilutions of patient convalescent serum are added to known strains of the virus. The mixture is mixed into a a susceptible cell mono-layer and incubated for virus adsorption. Viral infection can be measured by microscope, 5-day incubation, or fluorescence.

ELISA

A strip or dipstick holding immobilized reagents are enclosed. Patient's blood is deposited on the strip coated with purified monoclonal antibody or recombinant antigen. the antibody targets the virus antigen and the recombinant antigen is recognized by antibodies present in an infected individual's system. The strip's labeled antibodies bind to the same antigen indicate a colored signal by an infected patient's blood.
Uses a patient's blood as the sample.

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