The hepatitis delta virus (HDV), or hepatitis delta virusoid, is a human satellite RNA with a circular single-stranded RNA genome of 1,700 nucleotides. HDV can encode its own associated proteins but requires coinfection with the helper hepatitis B virus (HBV) to replicate, leading to more severe liver pathology.

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Satellite RNAs are pathogenic, single-stranded RNA molecules found in animals that require coinfection with a helper virus to replicate. Unlike plant-infecting virusoids, some animal satellite RNAs are capable of encoding their own proteins.

Satellite RNAs

https://openstax.org/details/books/microbiology/

Microbiology covers the scope and sequence requirements for a single-semester microbiology course for non-majors. The book presents the core concepts of microbiology with a focus on applications for careers in allied health. The pedagogical features of the text make the material interesting and accessible while maintaining the career-application focus and scientific rigor inherent in the subject matter. Microbiology’s art program enhances students’ understanding of concepts through clear and effective illustrations, diagrams, and photographs.

Microbiology is produced through a collaborative publishing agreement between OpenStax and the American Society for Microbiology Press. The book aligns with the curriculum guidelines of the American Society for Microbiology.

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