Lysosomes were discovered within the eukaryotic endomembrane system in the 1960s by the Belgian scientist Christian de Duve (1917–2013).

Discovery of Lysosomes

Lysosomes are membrane-bound eukaryotic organelles containing digestive enzymes that break down small molecules internalized via endocytosis, large particles or cells engulfed through phagocytosis, and damaged cellular components.

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Eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles, each with their own structure and function. Organelles commonly found in eukaryotes include:
- Nucleus
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Golgi Apparatus
- Lysosome
- Vacuole
- Mitochondria
- Chloroplast
- Peroxisomes

Organelles Commonly Found in Eukaryotes

The endomembrane system is composed of several interconnected organelles and structures, which include the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vesicles.

Components of the Endomembrane System

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The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that serves as the defining feature of eukaryotic cells. It houses the DNA genome within a complex nuclear membrane, controls all cellular activities, and plays an essential role in reproduction and heredity.

Nucleus

The Golgi apparatus is an organelle within the endomembrane system that consists of a series of stacked, flat membranous disks. It receives proteins and lipids from the endoplasmic reticulum and uses enzymes to modify them, frequently by adding carbohydrate components to produce glycoproteins, glycolipids, or proteoglycans.

The Golgi Apparatus

Lysosomes

Vacuoles are formed off of the plasma membrane in a process called phagocytosis.

Vacuole

The mitochondria is responsible for aerobic respiration in eukaryotes. It contains two lipid membranes which are the inner and outer membranes. The inner membrane is the site for the electron transport chain for aerobic respiration. The mitochondrial matrix is also an important site for metabolic enzymes and the mitochondrial DNA.

Mitochondria

Peroxisomes are membrane-bound eukaryotic organelles that produce hydrogen peroxide to break down molecules such as uric acid, amino acids, and fatty acids. They contain the enzyme catalase to degrade hydrogen peroxide, and they function alongside the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) in lipid biosynthesis, while protecting the cytoplasm from oxidative damage through compartmentalization.

Peroxisome

A multi-membrane organelle where photosynthesis occurs in eukaryotes

Chloroplast

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of membranous tubules and flattened sacs called cisternae, all bounded by a single lipid bilayer. The ER is continuous with the nuclear envelope, and it is divided into two structurally and functionally distinct regions—the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)—which serve as sites for synthesizing different cellular molecules.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Transport vesicles are small, membranous spheres composed of a single lipid bilayer with a hollow interior that function to carry molecules within a cell.

Transport Vesicles

Exocytosis is the process by which secretory vesicles move toward and fuse with the plasma membrane to release their contents outside the cell. Cells utilize exocytosis to eliminate waste products and to secrete chemical signals that other cells can receive.

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