Produced by plasmogamy, a dikaryotic cell is one that contains two distinct nuclei.

Dikaryotic Cell

Plasmogamy is a stage of sexual reproduction in which the cytoplasm of two cells fuses together (e.g., the fusion of $$+$$ and $$-$$ type gametes in fungi or the fusion of two cells in slime molds).

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Fungi reproduce sexually through either cross- or self-fertilization, involving two distinct mating types designated as $$+$$ and $$-$$ types. During this process, haploid fungi form hyphae with gametes at their tips. After the cytoplasm and nuclei of these gametes fuse, the resulting diploid zygote undergoes meiosis to produce spores, which germinate to initiate a new haploid stage and form haploid mycelia.

Sexual Reproduction of Fungi

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Microbiology covers the scope and sequence requirements for a single-semester microbiology course for non-majors. The book presents the core concepts of microbiology with a focus on applications for careers in allied health. The pedagogical features of the text make the material interesting and accessible while maintaining the career-application focus and scientific rigor inherent in the subject matter. Microbiology’s art program enhances students’ understanding of concepts through clear and effective illustrations, diagrams, and photographs.

Microbiology is produced through a collaborative publishing agreement between OpenStax and the American Society for Microbiology Press. The book aligns with the curriculum guidelines of the American Society for Microbiology.

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Plasmogamy

Zygospores are sexually produced, thick-walled spores formed by fungi in the phylum Zygomycota during sexual reproduction.

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