Social contextual factors had the greatest influence on the development of competence in toddlers. There was a greater effect in correlation when analyzing parental teaching style, social referencing, and attachment style in the development of child’s competence.                                                         

Arizona State University

Parental beliefs, values, norms, standards, attitudes about parenting are directly related to child outcomes. 

Consequently, failures in parenting such as parental rejection, parental depression, parental anger, parental low self-esteem, negative perceptions of the child are directly related to child deviant outcomes.

Parental Beliefs

Reid, J. B., Patterson, G. R., & Snyder, J. J. (Eds.). (2002). Antisocial behavior in children and adolescents: A developmental analysis and model for intervention. American Psychological Association.

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