Foods treated with bacteriophages to prevent spoilage must carry specific labels to address consumer concerns, especially regarding organic products. These foods must list "bacteriophage preparation" in their ingredients or carry a label indicating they have been treated with an antimicrobial solution to reduce microorganisms.

Labeling Requirements for Phage-Treated Foods

Bacteriophages can be used as an antimicrobial treatment to prevent food spoilage. For example, a spray solution containing six bacteriophages is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration to target and kill *Listeria monocytogenes*, the bacterial pathogen responsible for causing listeriosis in lunch meats.

Google

A virus that can infect one or more species of bacteria. 

Bacteriophage

https://openstax.org/details/books/microbiology/

Microbiology covers the scope and sequence requirements for a single-semester microbiology course for non-majors. The book presents the core concepts of microbiology with a focus on applications for careers in allied health. The pedagogical features of the text make the material interesting and accessible while maintaining the career-application focus and scientific rigor inherent in the subject matter. Microbiology’s art program enhances students’ understanding of concepts through clear and effective illustrations, diagrams, and photographs.

Microbiology is produced through a collaborative publishing agreement between OpenStax and the American Society for Microbiology Press. The book aligns with the curriculum guidelines of the American Society for Microbiology.

OpenStax Microbiology Textbook

Viral transduction is a process of horizontal gene transfer where a bacteriophage transfers DNA from one host bacterium to another during sequential infections. This asexual exchange of genetic information can result in DNA recombination, potentially introducing new genes, such as sugar-metabolizing or antibiotic-resistance genes, to the recipient bacteria, and playing a key role in bacterial evolution.

Viral Transduction

Bacteriophages in Food Preservation

Phage therapy is a clinical procedure that uses bacteria-killing viruses (bacteriophages) to treat bacterial infections. First introduced in 1915 by Frederick Twort, this therapy was largely abandoned after the discovery of antibiotics, but interest has re-emerged due to the increase in antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

Phage Therapy

A virulent phage is a bacteriophage that replication leads typically to the destruction and death of the host bacterial cell through lysis.

Virulent Phage

A temperate phage is a bacteriophage that can integrate its genome into the host cell's chromosome, replicating along with the host cell until induction triggers it to assemble new progeny viruses.

Temperate Phage

Phage typing is a method of identifying specific bacterial strains or subspecies by exploiting the narrow host range of bacteriophages, which only infect specific bacteria.

Phage Typing

Bacteriophage replication can proceed through two main pathways: the lytic cycle, which involves replicating viral parts, assembling them into virions, and lysing the host cell to release them; and the lysogenic cycle, where the viral DNA integrates into the host chromosome as a prophage and replicates alongside it, potentially excising itself to enter the lytic cycle under stress.

Learn Before

Related

Learn After