T-even phage is a well-characterized class of virulent bacteriophages that serves as a common model for studying the lytic cycle of viral infection.

T-even Phage

A virulent phage is a bacteriophage that replication leads typically to the destruction and death of the host bacterial cell through lysis.

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A virus that can infect one or more species of bacteria. 

Bacteriophage

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Viral transduction is a process of horizontal gene transfer where a bacteriophage transfers DNA from one host bacterium to another during sequential infections. This asexual exchange of genetic information can result in DNA recombination, potentially introducing new genes, such as sugar-metabolizing or antibiotic-resistance genes, to the recipient bacteria, and playing a key role in bacterial evolution.

Viral Transduction

Bacteriophages can be used as an antimicrobial treatment to prevent food spoilage. For example, a spray solution containing six bacteriophages is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration to target and kill *Listeria monocytogenes*, the bacterial pathogen responsible for causing listeriosis in lunch meats.

Bacteriophages in Food Preservation

Phage therapy is a clinical procedure that uses bacteria-killing viruses (bacteriophages) to treat bacterial infections. First introduced in 1915 by Frederick Twort, this therapy was largely abandoned after the discovery of antibiotics, but interest has re-emerged due to the increase in antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

Phage Therapy

Virulent Phage

A temperate phage is a bacteriophage that can integrate its genome into the host cell's chromosome, replicating along with the host cell until induction triggers it to assemble new progeny viruses.

Temperate Phage

Phage typing is a method of identifying specific bacterial strains or subspecies by exploiting the narrow host range of bacteriophages, which only infect specific bacteria.

Phage Typing

Bacteriophage replication can proceed through two main pathways: the lytic cycle, which involves replicating viral parts, assembling them into virions, and lysing the host cell to release them; and the lysogenic cycle, where the viral DNA integrates into the host chromosome as a prophage and replicates alongside it, potentially excising itself to enter the lytic cycle under stress.

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