Biomolecules contain a carbon sekelton which is a result of carbon’s unique combination of size and bonding properties, carbon atoms can bind together in large numbers, thus producing a chain. The carbon skeleton of organic molecules can be straight, branched, or ring shaped (cyclic).

Carbon skeleton

Organic molecules are carbon-containing compounds whose structures are typically built around carbon atom chains. Unlike inorganic molecules, they must contain carbon atoms covalently bonded to hydrogen atoms.

Organic Molecules

Functional groups are specific groups of atoms within biomolecules that are characterized by their particular chemical composition and the chemical reactions they perform, regardless of the larger molecule containing them. These groups can range in complexity from one or two atoms to combinations of multiple simpler functional groups.

Functional groups

Is an organic molecule that  is found within living organisms they are the building blocks of life and contain chemicals that are composed of oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, sulfur, nitrogen, and phosphorus.

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Biochemistry is the scientific discipline that studies the chemistry of life processes, with the primary objective of explaining biological form and function through chemical principles.

Biochemistry

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Microbiology covers the scope and sequence requirements for a single-semester microbiology course for non-majors. The book presents the core concepts of microbiology with a focus on applications for careers in allied health. The pedagogical features of the text make the material interesting and accessible while maintaining the career-application focus and scientific rigor inherent in the subject matter. Microbiology’s art program enhances students’ understanding of concepts through clear and effective illustrations, diagrams, and photographs.

Microbiology is produced through a collaborative publishing agreement between OpenStax and the American Society for Microbiology Press. The book aligns with the curriculum guidelines of the American Society for Microbiology.

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- Biochemistry
- European Journal of Cell Biology
- Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology
- Journal of Bacteriology 
- Journal of Investigative Dermatology
- Journal of Regenerative Biology and Medicine
- Khan Academy
- Molecules
- Molecular Cell
- PLOS ONE
- StatPearls
- Trends in Biochemical Sciences

Biochemistry references by journal

COVALENT BONDS
- Covalent bonds - formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons to fill their valence shell
- Bonding valence electrons are attracted by both nuclei in the bond.
- Bond length depends on the nature of the atoms bonded and the number of electrons participating in the bond.
- Carbon-carbon double bonds are generally longer and have less bond energy than do carbon-carbon triple bonds.
- Atoms are held together by these
- Strength and bond length depends on:
Nature of atoms bonded
Number of e- pairs shared
- Greater number of pairs, greater bond energy, lower bond length

INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
- Non-covalent interactions
- Electrostatic interactions
- Ionic interactions
- Non-ionic interactions (electrically neutral)
- Fixed dipole-dipole
- Hydrogen bonds, electronegative
- Fixed dipole-induced dipole
- Induced dipole- induced dipole (london dispersion forces, van der Waals Forces)


Covalent Bonds and Intermolecular Forces

Fundamentals of Biochemistry, 4th Edition

Biochemistry references by text book

There are many types of macromolecules such as: 

- carbohydrates
- lipids
- proteins
- nucleic acids

Types of Macromolecules

Biomolecule

Inorganic compounds are simple, small molecules in living organisms that do not contain carbon and make up about 1% to 1.5% of a cell's dry weight. They perform key biological functions but do not form cell structures. Carbon oxides and carbonates are exceptions that contain carbon but are classified as inorganic because they do not contain hydrogen.

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