Unlike bacteriophages, which are detected by clear plaques, animal and plant viruses are detected by cytopathic effects (CPEs), molecular methods (such as PCR and RT-PCR), enzyme immunoassays, and serological assays like hemagglutination and hemagglutination inhibition assays.

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Viruses that can infect one or more animal.

Animal viruses

https://openstax.org/details/books/microbiology/

Microbiology covers the scope and sequence requirements for a single-semester microbiology course for non-majors. The book presents the core concepts of microbiology with a focus on applications for careers in allied health. The pedagogical features of the text make the material interesting and accessible while maintaining the career-application focus and scientific rigor inherent in the subject matter. Microbiology’s art program enhances students’ understanding of concepts through clear and effective illustrations, diagrams, and photographs.

Microbiology is produced through a collaborative publishing agreement between OpenStax and the American Society for Microbiology Press. The book aligns with the curriculum guidelines of the American Society for Microbiology.

OpenStax Microbiology Textbook

Animal viruses have a wide range of diversity from their morphology, replication, genetic material, host, range, and tissue specificity.

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