Dinoflagellates exhibit diverse nutritional strategies, including phototrophy, heterotrophy, and mixotrophy.

Dinoflagellate Nutrition

Photosynthetic dinoflagellates utilize chlorophyll a, chlorophyll c2, and other pigments to capture light energy.

Dinoflagellate Photosynthetic Pigments

A theca is a protective, armor-like outer cell wall consisting of cellulose plates found on some dinoflagellates.

Dinoflagellate Theca

Some dinoflagellates produce neurotoxins that cause paralysis in aquatic life and humans. Exposure can occur through direct contact with contaminated water or by consuming organisms that have ingested these dinoflagellates.

Dinoflagellate Neurotoxins

Gonyaulax is a genus of dinoflagellates that is a major producer of neurotoxins, forming dense populations during red tides that cause paralytic shellfish poisoning.

Gonyaulax

Alexandrium is a genus of dinoflagellates that is a major producer of neurotoxins, forming dense populations during red tides that cause paralytic shellfish poisoning.

Alexandrium

Pfiesteria is a genus of dinoflagellates, which includes the species Pfiesteria piscicida. It can produce toxins harmful to fish and is associated with symptoms such as memory loss and confusion in exposed humans.

Pfiesteria

Dinoflagellates are a subgroup of the Chromalveolata supergroup that are mostly marine organisms and form an important component of plankton. They generally have two flagella that cause a spinning motion and often possess a hard outer covering composed of cellulose plates.

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Chromalveolata is a eukaryotic supergroup whose members are characterized and united by similar evolutionary origins of their plastids. This supergroup includes subgroups such as apicomplexans, ciliates, diatoms, dinoflagellates, and water molds (oomycetes).

Chromalveolata

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Microbiology covers the scope and sequence requirements for a single-semester microbiology course for non-majors. The book presents the core concepts of microbiology with a focus on applications for careers in allied health. The pedagogical features of the text make the material interesting and accessible while maintaining the career-application focus and scientific rigor inherent in the subject matter. Microbiology’s art program enhances students’ understanding of concepts through clear and effective illustrations, diagrams, and photographs.

Microbiology is produced through a collaborative publishing agreement between OpenStax and the American Society for Microbiology Press. The book aligns with the curriculum guidelines of the American Society for Microbiology.

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Dinoflagellates

Stramenopiles

Apicomplexans are a subgroup of the Chromalveolata supergroup that function as intra- or extracellular parasites. They are characterized by having an apical complex at one end of the cell that allows them to enter host cells, and they exhibit complex life cycles that often require transmission between multiple hosts.

Apicomplexans

Ciliates (Ciliophora) are a diverse group within the Chromalveolata characterized by the presence of cilia on their cell surface. These cilia are utilized for movement or feeding, and while many forms are motile, some species are nonmotile.

Ciliates

Oomycetes, also known as water molds, are a group within the Chromalveolata supergroup that were historically classified with fungi due to structural similarities. However, they differ from fungi in that oomycetes possess cell walls made of cellulose rather than chitin, and their dominant life stage is diploid rather than haploid.

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