Dinoflagellates are a subgroup of the Chromalveolata supergroup that are mostly marine organisms and form an important component of plankton. They generally have two flagella that cause a spinning motion and often possess a hard outer covering composed of cellulose plates.

Dinoflagellates

Stramenopiles

Apicomplexans are a subgroup of the Chromalveolata supergroup that function as intra- or extracellular parasites. They are characterized by having an apical complex at one end of the cell that allows them to enter host cells, and they exhibit complex life cycles that often require transmission between multiple hosts.

Apicomplexans

Ciliates (Ciliophora) are a diverse group within the Chromalveolata characterized by the presence of cilia on their cell surface. These cilia are utilized for movement or feeding, and while many forms are motile, some species are nonmotile.

Ciliates

Oomycetes, also known as water molds, are a group within the Chromalveolata supergroup that were historically classified with fungi due to structural similarities. However, they differ from fungi in that oomycetes possess cell walls made of cellulose rather than chitin, and their dominant life stage is diploid rather than haploid.

Oomycetes

Chromalveolata is a eukaryotic supergroup whose members are characterized and united by similar evolutionary origins of their plastids. This supergroup includes subgroups such as apicomplexans, ciliates, diatoms, dinoflagellates, and water molds (oomycetes).

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- Excavata
- Chromalveolata
- Rhizaria
- Archaeplastida
- Amoebozoa
- Opisthokonta

Eukaryotic Supergroups 

Algae are classified within the eukaryotic supergroups Chromalveolata (which includes dinoflagellates, diatoms, golden algae, and brown algae) and Archaeplastida (which includes red algae and green algae).

Supergroups of Algae

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Microbiology covers the scope and sequence requirements for a single-semester microbiology course for non-majors. The book presents the core concepts of microbiology with a focus on applications for careers in allied health. The pedagogical features of the text make the material interesting and accessible while maintaining the career-application focus and scientific rigor inherent in the subject matter. Microbiology’s art program enhances students’ understanding of concepts through clear and effective illustrations, diagrams, and photographs.

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Excavata is a eukaryotic supergroup that includes primitive eukaryotes and many parasites with limited metabolic abilities. These organisms typically possess complex cell shapes and structures, often featuring a depression on the cell surface known as an excavate.

Excavata

Chromalveolata

Rhizaria is a eukaryotic supergroup of amoeboid protists characterized by threadlike pseudopodia. It is divided into three subgroups: Foraminifera, Radiolaria, and Cerozoa.

Rhizaria

Archaeplastida is a eukaryotic supergroup that includes the red algae (Rhodophyta), the green algae (Chlorophyta), another green algal group called Charophyta, and land plants.

Archaeplastida

Amoebozoa is a eukaryotic supergroup that is divided into slime molds and entamoebas. Slime molds exist in both plasmodial and cellular forms, while entamoebas are characterized by trophozoites that can form cysts.

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