Comparison

Figure 2.13: Wages Relative to the Cost of Capital Goods in England and France (Late 16th to Early 19th Century)

This figure presents a comparison of the ratio of laborers' wages to the cost of using capital goods in England and France from the late 1500s to the early 1800s. While this ratio was comparable in both nations during the mid-17th century, it began to diverge afterward. In England, labor became progressively more expensive relative to capital, creating a growing economic incentive to substitute workers with machinery. This trend was not observed in France, where, conversely, the incentive for labor-saving innovation was actually stronger in the late 16th century than it was two centuries later.

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Updated 2026-05-02

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