Symptoms of schistosomiasis include fever, abdominal pain, anemia, malnutrition, fluid buildup, and potentially death.

Signs and Symptoms of Schistosomiasis

The parasitic flatworms *Schistosoma mansoni*, *S. haematobium*, and *S. japonicum* are found in freshwater snails. The immature forms of these parasites infect humans by burrowing directly through the skin into the bloodstream, where they migrate to the lungs, liver, and subsequently other organs.

Transmission and Pathogenesis of Schistosoma

Schistosomiasis is a major parasitic disease, second only to malaria in its global impact on human populations. It is caused by the flatworms *Schistosoma mansoni*, *S. haematobium*, and *S. japonicum*.

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- Malaria
- Toxoplasmosis
- Babesiosis
- Chagas Disease
- Leishmaniasis
- Schistosomiasis

Parasitic Infections of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems

Flukes, or trematodes (Class Trematoda), are nonsegmented flatworms that possess an oral sucker (and sometimes a second ventral sucker) used to attach to the inner walls of host organs, such as the intestines, lungs, liver, or large blood vessels. They have complex life cycles, often involving multiple hosts. Examples of trematodes include *Fascioloides magna* and *Fasciola hepatica*.

Flukes (Trematodes)

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Microbiology covers the scope and sequence requirements for a single-semester microbiology course for non-majors. The book presents the core concepts of microbiology with a focus on applications for careers in allied health. The pedagogical features of the text make the material interesting and accessible while maintaining the career-application focus and scientific rigor inherent in the subject matter. Microbiology’s art program enhances students’ understanding of concepts through clear and effective illustrations, diagrams, and photographs.

Microbiology is produced through a collaborative publishing agreement between OpenStax and the American Society for Microbiology Press. The book aligns with the curriculum guidelines of the American Society for Microbiology.

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Malaria is caused by protozoan parasites in the genus *Plasmodium* and transmitted through the bites of mosquitoes

Malaria

Toxoplasmosis is caused by the pathogenic protozoan *Toxoplasma gondii*.

Toxoplasmosis

Babesiosis is caused by the pathogen *Babesia spp* and is transmitted by black-legged ticks.

Babesiosis

Chagas disease is caused by the pathogenic flagellated protozoan *Trypanosoma cruzi* and is transmitted to humans by the triatomine bug.

Chagas Disease

Leishmaniasis is caused by 20 different protozoan parasites species of *Leishmania* and transmitted to humans through sand flies. 

Leishmaniasis

Schistosomiasis

Key examples of parasitic flukes that cause disease in humans include the liver flukes (*Clonorchis* and *Opisthorchis*), the intestinal fluke (*Fasciolopsis buski*), and the oriental lung fluke (*Paragonimus westermani*).

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