A graphic representation of the molecular structure, showing how the atoms are arranged.

Structural formula

The monosaccharides glucose, galactose, and fructose share the identical molecular formula $$C_6H_{12}O_6$$ but have different bonding sequences. Glucose and galactose have a six-carbon chain with a double-bonded oxygen on the first carbon, differing in the arrangement of their hydroxyl ($$-OH$$) groups. Fructose has its double-bonded oxygen on the second carbon of the chain.

Structural Isomers of Glucose, Galactose, and Fructose

Compounds that have identical molecular formulas but differ in the bonding sequence of the atoms.

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There are 2 types of Isomers and they are:
- Isomers
- Structural Isomers
- Stereoisomers

Types of Isomers

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Microbiology covers the scope and sequence requirements for a single-semester microbiology course for non-majors. The book presents the core concepts of microbiology with a focus on applications for careers in allied health. The pedagogical features of the text make the material interesting and accessible while maintaining the career-application focus and scientific rigor inherent in the subject matter. Microbiology’s art program enhances students’ understanding of concepts through clear and effective illustrations, diagrams, and photographs.

Microbiology is produced through a collaborative publishing agreement between OpenStax and the American Society for Microbiology Press. The book aligns with the curriculum guidelines of the American Society for Microbiology.

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Molecules with the same atomic makeup but different structural arrangement of atoms.

Isomers

Structural isomers

Isomers that differ in the spatial arrangements of atoms. 

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