Astin's Student Involvement Theory defines involvement as the investment of physical and psychological energy in objects ranging from the overall student experience to specific activities such as preparing for an exam. It focuses on the physical, emotional, and cognitive engagement that fosters educational development and proposes that greater involvement in the educational process is associated with greater student success.

University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

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Student engagement is defined as student involvement in meaningful educational activities, and is considered an indicator for student learning and educational development. 

Student Engagement

The National Survey of Student Engagement (NSSE), a popular survey used to assess student engagement in higher education, includes ten engagement indicators:
- Higher-order learning: students are challenged intellectually and given complex cognitive tasks
- Reflective/integrative learning: students can relate what they are learning in class to their own experiences
- Learning strategies: students actively engage with the learning material on their own
- Quantitative reasoning: students are able to use statistical information in their daily life
- Collaborative learning: students work with others to learn and problem solve
- Discussion with diverse others: students interact with others from different backgrounds inside and outside the classroom
- Student–faculty interaction: students interact with faculty to grow personally/professionally
- Effective teaching practices: students’ views on how teaching is happening
- Quality of interactions: students have positive interaction and relationships with their peers, advisors, faculty, and staff
- Supportive environment: students are provided with a supportive environment by their institution in a variety of domains (including cognitive, social, and physical support)

Variables of Student Engagement in Higher Education

Peer victimization affects student engagement in the following aspects:
- school liking
- school avoidance
- independent participation
- perceived academic competence

Peer Victimization and Student Engagement

A teacher's responsibility to cultivate a dynamic and engaging classroom environment by encouraging student participation, curiosity, and critical thinking. This involves using interactive and creative teaching strategies to motivate students.

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