*Trichomonas vaginalis* uses lipoglycans and tetraspanins to adhere to cells. Tetraspanins are also important in invading tissues. *T. vaginalis* also engulf other microbes which further leads to infection and microbiota imbalance.

Virulence Factors of *Trichomonas vaginalis*

Both males and females will experience itching, irritation, discharge and burning and soreness in the genitalia. Females will experience dysuria and vaginal discharge if infected with Trichomoniasis.

Signs and Symptoms of Trichomoniasis

*Trichomonas vaginalis* is a parasitic protozoan pathogen belonging to the trichomonads subgroup of Parabasalids. It lacks conventional mitochondria, possessing hydrogenosomes instead, and causes the sexually transmitted infection trichomoniasis.

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Parabasalids (Parabasalia) are a subgroup of the Excavata supergroup characterized by large, complex cell structures with undulating membranes, basal bodies, modified mitochondria (kinetoplastids), and often numerous flagella. They lack typical mitochondria and do not form cysts; many species are frequent animal endosymbionts residing in the guts of hosts like termites and cockroaches.

Parabasalids

Trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the protozoan *Trichomonas vaginalis*. In males, the infection is typically asymptomatic, though they can still transmit it; in females, it causes vaginal discomfort and discharge, and can lead to pregnancy complications if left untreated.

Trichomoniasis

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Microbiology covers the scope and sequence requirements for a single-semester microbiology course for non-majors. The book presents the core concepts of microbiology with a focus on applications for careers in allied health. The pedagogical features of the text make the material interesting and accessible while maintaining the career-application focus and scientific rigor inherent in the subject matter. Microbiology’s art program enhances students’ understanding of concepts through clear and effective illustrations, diagrams, and photographs.

Microbiology is produced through a collaborative publishing agreement between OpenStax and the American Society for Microbiology Press. The book aligns with the curriculum guidelines of the American Society for Microbiology.

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