V. vulnificus-associated disease is characterized by skin infection, edema, ecchymosis (discoloration of skin due to bleeding), septicemia, abscesses, fatality in 50% of cases. 

Vibrio vulnificus: Illness Signs and Symptoms

*Vibrio vulnificus* is a marine bacterium that causes serious, life-threatening cellulitis (infections of the skin and deeper tissues) and blood-borne infections, as well as gastrointestinal illness.

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Vibrio species other than cholera that cause disease include:

- Vibrio parahrmolyticus
- Vibrio vulnificus
- Aeromonas hydrophilia
- Plesiomonas shigelloides

Other Vibrio Species that Cause Disease

Gammaproteobacteria is the largest and most diverse class of Proteobacteria. This group contains aerobes or facultative anaerobes, many of which are human pathogens. Some Gammaproteobacteria are enteric bacteria, which can be further classified as coliform or noncoliform, with *Escherichia coli* being the most extensively studied species.

Gammaproteobacteria

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Vibrio associated with marine environments, raw seafood, and infections in wounds (mainly those acquired in water). Can cause gastroenteritis and septicemia.

Aeromonas hydrophila

Vibrio associated with marine environments, raw seafood, and serious systematic infections after ingesting contaminated food or water. Can cause gastroenteritis.

Plesiomonas shigelloides

*Vibrio parahaemolyticus* is a marine bacterium that causes gastrointestinal disease in humans, typically associated with consuming contaminated seafood.

*Vibrio parahaemolyticus*

*Vibrio vulnificus*

*E. coli* is a gammaproteobacteria. It is one of the most well studied bacterium and is a model organism used in science laboratories. Some *E. coli* strains can be a pathogen or have a mutalistic relationship with humans. The pathogens can cause diarrhea or in severe cases can cause inflammation of red blood cells and pyelonephritis. 

*Escherichia coli* as the Causative Agent of Pyelonephritis

Pseudomonaceae is a large and diverse family of gram-negative bacteria within the class Gammaproteobacteria that includes the genus *Pseudomonas*.

Pseudomonaceae

*Pseudomonas* is a genus of gram-negative, strictly aerobic, highly motile bacteria within the family Pseudomonaceae that includes pathogens like *Pseudomonas aeruginosa* and environmentally significant species like *Pseudomonas fluorescens* and *Pseudomonas putida*.

Pseudomonas

*Pseudomonas fluorescens* is a fluorescent, glowing bacterium within the genus *Pseudomonas*.

*Pseudomonas fluorescens*

*Pseudomonas putida* is a soil bacterium within the genus *Pseudomonas* that is known for its ability to decompose xenobiotics, which are chemical substances not naturally produced or found in living organisms.

*Pseudomonas putida*

Pasteurellaceae is a family of gram-negative bacteria in the class Gammaproteobacteria that contains several clinically relevant genera and species acting as human and animal pathogens.

Pasteurellaceae

*Pasteurella* is a genus of gram-negative bacteria within the family Pasteurellaceae that includes animal and zoonotic pathogens such as *Pasteurella haemolytica* and *Pasteurella multocida*.

Pasteurella

*Pasteurella haemolytica* is a bacterial species within the genus *Pasteurella* that causes severe pneumonia in sheep and goats.

*Pasteurella haemolytica*

*Pasteurella multocida* is a bacterial species within the genus *Pasteurella* that can be transmitted from animals to humans through animal bites, resulting in infections of the skin and deeper tissues.

*Pasteurella multocida*

*Haemophilus* is a genus of gram-negative bacteria within the family Pasteurellaceae that includes human pathogens such as *Haemophilus influenzae* and *Haemophilus ducreyi*.

Haemophilus

Vibrionales is an order of gram-negative bacteria in the class Gammaproteobacteria that contains human pathogens like *Vibrio cholerae* and symbiotic species like *Aliivibrio fischeri*.

Vibrionales

*Aliivibrio fischeri* is a bioluminescent bacterium in the order Vibrionales that participates in a mutualistic symbiotic relationship with certain squid, wherein the squid provides nutrients and the bacterium produces light to protect the host from predators.

*Aliivibrio fischeri*

*Vibrio cholerae* is a comma-shaped, gram-negative aquatic bacterium that thrives in highly alkaline environments. It produces a toxin that causes hypersecretion of electrolytes and water in the large intestine, leading to profuse watery diarrhea and severe dehydration.

*Vibrio cholerae*

Enterobacteriaceae is a large family of gram-negative, enteric (intestinal) bacteria that belong to the class Gammaproteobacteria. They are facultative anaerobes that are capable of fermenting carbohydrates.

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