In Cole's (2014) study, athletes demonstrated a medium effect size with nearly a half-point higher average GPA than non-athletes. Possible explanations include superior time management skills, structured programs fostering self-efficacy, or pre-existing higher academic abilities. The study found a positive relation between academic self-efficacy and GPA, and an indirect effect of sports participation on GPA through academic self-efficacy. This supports self-efficacy beliefs as positive predictors of academic success. However, the results only partially supported the transfer of self-efficacy between athletic and academic domains, as no significant relation was found between academic and athletic self-efficacy scores. This may be due to a lack of specificity in the study's self-efficacy measures or pre-existing high self-efficacy in sports participants.