Certain strains of *Escherichia coli* in the gut have a mutualistic relationship with humans. The bacteria obtain nutrients from intestinal contents, and in return, they provide humans with essential vitamins, particularly vitamin K, which is required for the synthesis of blood clotting factors.

Mutualism with humans and *Escherichia coli*

Humans share a mutualistic relationship with the gut bacterium *Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron*. The bacterium digests complex plant polysaccharides that human digestive enzymes cannot decompose, converting them into monosaccharides that human cells can absorb.

Mutualism with humans and *Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron*

Mutualism, also known as syntropy or crossfeeding, is a symbiotic relationship in which two different species interact and both species obtain a benefit.

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- Mutualism 
- Amensalism 
- Commensalism
- Neutralism 
- Parasitism

Types of Symbioses Among Prokaryotes

https://openstax.org/details/books/microbiology/

Microbiology covers the scope and sequence requirements for a single-semester microbiology course for non-majors. The book presents the core concepts of microbiology with a focus on applications for careers in allied health. The pedagogical features of the text make the material interesting and accessible while maintaining the career-application focus and scientific rigor inherent in the subject matter. Microbiology’s art program enhances students’ understanding of concepts through clear and effective illustrations, diagrams, and photographs.

Microbiology is produced through a collaborative publishing agreement between OpenStax and the American Society for Microbiology Press. The book aligns with the curriculum guidelines of the American Society for Microbiology.

OpenStax Microbiology Textbook

Parasitism is a type of symbiosis where one organism or population benefits and the other is harmed.

Parasitism 

Mutualism 

Amensalism is a type of symbiotic relationship where one population or species is harmed or destroyed, while the other population remains unaffected.

Amensalism 

Commensalism is a type of symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits from the interaction while the other organism is unaffected.

Commensalism 

Neutralism is a type of symbiosis in which two coexisting organisms interact, but neither is affected in any way.

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