This type of bacteriophage does not kill the host cell right away, rather the phage genome integrates into the bacterial chromosome and becomes apart of the host. Then, as the host divides into daughter cells the phage genome is also replicated. Eventually, the host cell becomes stressed, the phage genome exits the host, makes more phage particles, and then the virus exits the host DNA resulting from lysis.

Lysogenic Cycle

During the lytic cycle, a virulent bacteriophage takes over the host bacterial cell, replicates its viral genome, synthesizes proteins to assemble new phages, and ultimately destroys the host cell by cell lysis to release progeny viruses.

Lytic Cycle

Bacteriophage replication can proceed through two main pathways: the lytic cycle, which involves replicating viral parts, assembling them into virions, and lysing the host cell to release them; and the lysogenic cycle, where the viral DNA integrates into the host chromosome as a prophage and replicates alongside it, potentially excising itself to enter the lytic cycle under stress.

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A virus that can infect one or more species of bacteria. 

Bacteriophage

The structural components of a typical bacteriophage include a head region consisting of a protein capsid that encloses the viral genome, a neck-like sheath, and tail fibers that resemble spider-like legs used to attach to the host cell.

Bacteriophage Structures

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Microbiology covers the scope and sequence requirements for a single-semester microbiology course for non-majors. The book presents the core concepts of microbiology with a focus on applications for careers in allied health. The pedagogical features of the text make the material interesting and accessible while maintaining the career-application focus and scientific rigor inherent in the subject matter. Microbiology’s art program enhances students’ understanding of concepts through clear and effective illustrations, diagrams, and photographs.

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Viral transduction is a process of horizontal gene transfer where a bacteriophage transfers DNA from one host bacterium to another during sequential infections. This asexual exchange of genetic information can result in DNA recombination, potentially introducing new genes, such as sugar-metabolizing or antibiotic-resistance genes, to the recipient bacteria, and playing a key role in bacterial evolution.

Viral Transduction

Bacteriophages can be used as an antimicrobial treatment to prevent food spoilage. For example, a spray solution containing six bacteriophages is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration to target and kill *Listeria monocytogenes*, the bacterial pathogen responsible for causing listeriosis in lunch meats.

Bacteriophages in Food Preservation

Phage therapy is a clinical procedure that uses bacteria-killing viruses (bacteriophages) to treat bacterial infections. First introduced in 1915 by Frederick Twort, this therapy was largely abandoned after the discovery of antibiotics, but interest has re-emerged due to the increase in antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

Phage Therapy

A virulent phage is a bacteriophage that replication leads typically to the destruction and death of the host bacterial cell through lysis.

Virulent Phage

A temperate phage is a bacteriophage that can integrate its genome into the host cell's chromosome, replicating along with the host cell until induction triggers it to assemble new progeny viruses.

Temperate Phage

Phage typing is a method of identifying specific bacterial strains or subspecies by exploiting the narrow host range of bacteriophages, which only infect specific bacteria.

Phage Typing

Bacteriophage Replication Cycles

Connects the polyhedral head to the tail fibers and tail pins

Sheath

Helps with viral attachment to the receptors of the host cell surface for entry

Tail fibers/pins

A capsid is a protein coat that encloses a virus's genetic material. Unlike a cellular interior filled with cytosol, the inside of a capsid contains only the essential genome and enzymes required to direct the synthesis of new virions.

Capsid

A capsomer is a protein subunit that interlocks with other capsomeres to form the closely packed capsid of a virus. Each capsomer is made of one or more different types of capsomere proteins.

Capsomer

A viral envelope is a lipid layer that surrounds the capsid of some viruses, consisting of a portion of host-cell phospholipid membrane acquired as the virion buds. The envelope can originate from either cytoplasmic or intracellular membranes of the host cell.

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