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Correlation

Online vs In-Person Learning - Xu & Jaggars

Xu and Jaggars (2014) used OLS regression models on a sample of approximately 40,000 students in Washington State to compare online and face-to-face courses. Online enrollment was associated with lower course performance and persistence overall. These gaps were larger for male, African American, and previously lower-performing students, and their magnitude varied by academic subject, with English showing a larger negative gap than natural sciences. Source: Xu, Di, and Shanna S. Jaggars, “Performance gaps between online and face-to-face courses: Differences across types of students and academic subject areas” (2014), https://doi.org/10.1080/00221546.2014.11777343.

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Correlation iconAxes with dots and an upward trend line indicating positive correlation
Updated 2026-08-30

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